Within the PestiRed project, Swiss cropping farms are attempting to cut down on using plant protection products (PPP). To this end, they are focusing on the consistent application of the principles of integrated pest management (IPM). It would also be interesting to investigate whether all farming methods – i.e. conventional agriculture and organic farming in addition to IPM – could get by using smaller volumes of (or even no) plant protection products and whether this would be sustainable and resource-efficient.

Based on the data collected in the first two crop years of 2020 and 2021, researchers from Agroscope have carried out their first project evaluation, investigating whether the cultivation of wheat and rapeseed can be cost-efficient despite not using PPP, and have published the results on the Swiss Agricultural Research platform.

Their findings: In the years under investigation of 2020 and 2021, farms that grew rapeseed without using synthetic chemical plant protection products recorded huge losses. More specifically, the study authors reported that the economic returns generated by parcels of land on which pesticide use had been reduced were on average "34% lower than those of the control parcels." For producers, this would result in losses in income that could "not be offset by either cost reductions nor by a greater market performance or direct payments."

The interim findings of the study did, however, show that wheat cultivation enjoyed better results. Here, the smaller harvests and higher productions costs would be offset by "higher premiums on the market" and "direct payments from the government and public authorities," which would mean that "cost-efficiency could be maintained or even improved slightly."

"Cost-efficiency?" I hear you all wondering. Although direct payments will help to preserve farmers’ income, it is extremely strange to bring up the argument of cost-efficiency in the context of lower yields per hectare and the scaling up of state subsidies. Cost-efficiency is one of the three pillars of holistic sustainability. However, farming can only be sustainable if it is also holistically resource-efficient: It would need to use the land made available to it in a resource-efficient manner and also utilize resources such as water, fertilizer, plant protection products, energy, labor and finances as efficiently as possible. Consequently, Art. 104a the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation calls for food production that is adapted to local conditions and which uses natural resources efficiently.

In plain language, this means: If farmers do not generate satisfactory income and (avoidable) crop failures have to be compensated for by government funds, this is neither sustainable nor resource-efficient. Holistically resource-efficient and sustainable agriculture can therefore also be productive and thus also generate satisfactory income.